If you’re gluten-sensitive, watch out: One-third of the “gluten-free” foods sold in U.S. restaurants actually contain trace levels of the substance, new research suggests.
The finding will be of particular concern to the 1 percent of Americans with the autoimmune disorder known as celiac disease. For them, even a minuscule amount of gluten—a protein in wheat and other grains—can damage the intestinal lining.
“As awareness of celiac disease and the gluten-free diet have increased in recent years, restaurants have sought to offer selections that are compatible with these restrictions,” said study author Dr. Benjamin Lebwohl. “But some establishments do a better job than others at preventing cross-contamination.”
And some gluten-free foods were riskier than others. For example, more than half of all purportedly gluten-free pastas and pizzas had gluten, according to the study.
Why?
“The fact that gluten was so often found in pizza suggests that sharing an oven with gluten-containing pizza is a prime setting for cross-contamination,” explained Lebwohl, of Columbia University’s Celiac Disease Center. “Gluten-free pasta can be contaminated if prepared in a pot of water that was used to prepare gluten-containing pasta.”
Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates packaged foods with gluten-free labeling, there’s no federal oversight of gluten-free claims in restaurants, said Lebwohl.
Our Take
While about 50 percent experience gastrointestinal symptoms, celiac disease sufferers also include people with more subtle digestive, as well as systemic, symptoms, said Ben Kieff, MD, a gastroenterologist with Spectrum Health Medical Group.
“In some patients, canker sores may be (the) sole presenting complaint,” Dr. Kieff said. “Because many symptoms may not necessarily be associated with something you eat, celiac disease is likely under diagnosed.”
Other less obvious symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, irritability, infertility in women, depression and anemia.
The only way to combat the disease is to avoid gluten.
Dr. Kieff encourages his patients with celiac disease to carefully read food labels and look for ingredients that may contain wheat, rye and barley. He also suggests visiting celiac.com for useful information about food and ingredients that are safe for patients.
Dr. Kieff sets the record straight on other frequent questions, myths and misunderstandings that surround celiac disease.
For the study, more than 800 investigators set out to assess the true gluten content of dishes listed as gluten-free on menus. Armed with portable gluten sensors, they tested for gluten levels that met or exceeded 20 parts per million, the standard cutoff for any gluten-free claim.
Based on more than 5,600 gluten tests over 18 months, the investigators determined that 27 percent of gluten-free breakfast meals actually contained gluten. At dinner time, this figure hit 34 percent. The rise could reflect a steady increase in gluten contamination risk as the day unfolds, the researchers said.
The concerns extend beyond the celiac community alone.
“There are also people who don’t have celiac disease but have symptoms triggered by gluten,” Lebwohl said. People with this problem—non-celiac gluten sensitivity—rely on gluten-free labeling and safe food preparation practices for prevention of uncomfortable symptoms, he noted. These can include constipation, bloating and nausea.
“These results underscore the need for education in food preparation at restaurants, and the need for diners to inquire about these precautions,” Lebwohl said.
Dietitian Lona Sandon agreed. Gluten contamination in restaurants has long “been a concern for those with celiac disease,” said Sandon, an associate professor of clinical nutrition at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. She was not involved with the study.
“Restaurant kitchens are just not built to assure the prevention of gluten contamination,” Sandon said. A chef may easily set a gluten-free bun down on a cutting board that just had a wheat bun on it while trying to get food out quickly to the customer. Then again, staff may just not know what has gluten in it and what doesn’t, she added.
In the absence of federal enforcement at the restaurant level, it’s up to the person handling the gluten-free product to keep it from becoming contaminated, Sandon said.
The study is scheduled for presentation Monday at a meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology, in Philadelphia. Research presented at meetings is usually considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
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